DESIGN & FORM
· Arts and Craft
By the mid-19th century, a few people had become profoundly disturbed by the level to which style, craftsmanship, and public taste had sunk in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. It was instigated by the artist and writer William Morris and was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin. It influenced architecture, domestic design and the decorative arts, using simple forms and a medieval style of decoration.
Arts and Crafts objects were simple in form, without superfluous decoration, often showing the way they were put together. They followed the idea of "truth to material", preserving and emphasizing the qualities of the materials used.
Widely exhibited in Europe, the Arts and Crafts movement's qualities of simplicity use of materials inspired by some designers like Henry van de Velde and movements such as Art Nouveau, the Dutch De Stijl group, Vienna Secession, and the Bauhaus. The movement can be assessed as a prelude to Modernism, where pure forms, stripped of historical associations, would be once again applied to industrial production. · Machine Aesthetics
By 1913 the machine had been in existence in everyday life for a century. It had been the founder and securer of the modern age. Life in the 19th century could be seen to be lived in the present; experience ran from day to day. The sense of experience illustrated in art of the Futurist movement is a development of this sense of security, exhibiting the feeling of rapid progression to a state where experience itself could be surpassed.
Machine Aesthetics. Architecture that suggested something machine-made, acknowledging industrialization, mass-production, and engineering, a fact that contradicted demands for honesty and truth in architecture, and denied the logic of structural principles.
By 1913 the machine had been in existence in everyday life for a century. It had been the founder and securer of the modern age. Life in the 19th century could be seen to be lived in the present; experience ran from day to day. The sense of experience illustrated in art of the Futurist movement is a development of this sense of security, exhibiting the feeling of rapid progression to a state where experience itself could be surpassed. In 1920s and early 1930s, American art and design reflected the proliferation and primacy of the machine. Coupled with an influx of European avant-garde styles, the machine challenged design and the period was one of experimentation and invention. Throughout the 20th century perceptions of the machine’s role in society changed. So inevitably, the content of this machine inspired art changed throughout the century.
· Organic (Gaudi)
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
Organic architecture is also translated into the all inclusive nature of Frank Lloyd Wright’s design process. The idea of organic architecture refers not only to the building’s literal relationship to the natural surroundings, but how the building’s design is carefully thought about as if it were a unified organism. Everything relates to one another, reflecting the symbiotic ordering systems of nature.
ANTONI GAUDI
Some of his major works :
Sagrada Família Nativity façade and Crypt of the Sagrada Família church (1884 until his death in 1926, although still under construction as of 2010)
More than green, Organic Architecture describes a way of thinking about design that transcends the common, everyday buildings around us.
ecological + individual = organic
Organic Architecture describe the environmental concerns, it embodies the human spirit. While Organic Architecture describe an expression of individuality, it explores our need to connect to Nature. A building or design must grow as nature grows from the inside out. Nature grows from the idea of a seed and reaches out to its surroundings.
In the later half of the 20th century, Modernist architects took the concept of organic architecture to new heights. Modern organic buildings are never linear or rigidly geometric. Instead, wavy lines and curved shapes suggest natural forms.
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
The term organic architecture was coined by the famous architect, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), though never well articulated by his cryptic style of writing:
"So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal and the teaching so much needed if we are to see the whole of life, and to now serve the whole of life, holding no traditions essential to the great TRADITION. Nor cherishing any preconceived form fixing upon us either past, present or future, but instead exalting the simple laws of common sense or of super-sense if you prefer determining form by way of the nature of materials..." - Frank Lloyd Wright, written in 1939.
Organic architecture is also translated into the all inclusive nature of Frank Lloyd Wright’s design process. The idea of organic architecture refers not only to the building’s literal relationship to the natural surroundings, but how the building’s design is carefully thought about as if it were a unified organism. Everything relates to one another, reflecting the symbiotic ordering systems of nature. A well known example of organic architecture is Fallingwater. It stands as one of Wright's greatest masterpieces both for its dynamism and for its integration with the striking natural surroundings. The house is well-known for its connection to the site: it is built on top of an active waterfall which flows beneath the house.
ANTONI GAUDI
Antoni Gaudi was born in Reus, Spain in 1852. He was a Catalan architect who belonged to the Modernist style (Art Nouveau) movement and was famous for his unique and highly individualistic designs. Gaudí's first works were designed in the style of gothic architecture and traditional Catalan architectural modes, but he soon developed his own distinct sculptural style.
Some of his major works : Casa Vicens (1884–1885)
Palau Güell (1885–1889)
Crypt of the Church of Colònia Güell (1898–1916)
Casa Calvet (1899–1904)
Casa Batlló (1905–1907)
Casa Milà (La Pedrera) (1905–1907)
Park Güell (1900–1914)
Sagrada Família Nativity façade and Crypt of the Sagrada Família church (1884 until his death in 1926, although still under construction as of 2010) La Sagrada Familia, Monumental church dedicated to the Holy Family, Gaudi's most famous work, the finest example of his visionary genius, the worldwide symbol of Barcelona and the Cathedral of the third Millennium. The uniqueness and complexity of the project, make practically impossible to give a precise date of time necessary to build the remaining ten domes.
· Digital Computer
Computer-aided design (CAD) was the original type of program an architects used, but since CAD couldn’t offer all the tools that architects needed to complete a project, CAAD developed as a distinct class of software. Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) software programs are the repository of accurate and comprehensive records of buildings. In a more general sense, CAAD also refers to the use of any computational technique in the field of architectural design. For ex. Special software developed for computer animation industry (Maya and 3DStudio Max) is used in architectural design.
All CAD and CAAD systems employ a database with geometric and other properties of objects. CAAD system differs from other CAD systems in two respects:
• It has an explicit object database of building parts and construction knowledge.
• It explicitly supports the creation of architectural objects.
CAAD has two types of structures in its program. The first system is surface structure which provides a graphics medium to represent 3D objects using 2D representations. The second system is deep structure which means that the operations performed by the computer have natural limitations. Computer hardware and machine languages that are supported by these make it easy to perform arithmetical operations quickly and accurately.
An architect’s work involves mostly visually represented data. Problems are often outlined and dealt with in a graphical approach. Only this form of expression serves as a basis for work and discussion. Therefore, the designer should have a maximum visual control over the processes taking place with in the design continuum.
* Acadia. 2010. http://www.acadia.org (accessed March 27, 2010).
* Curl, James Stevens. 2000. Machine Aesthetic: A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-MachineAesthetic.html (accessed March 25, 2010).
* Casa Milà - Barcelona, Spain [Image]. 2007. http://pakhipakhi.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/casa-mila.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* Dee, Sarah. 2005. The Role of the Machine in Twentieth Century Art. Threemonkeysonline.com. http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/als/_the_role_of_the_machine_in_twentieth_century_art.html (accessed March 26, 2010).
* Falling Water [Image]. 2005. http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/mellin/arch671/winter2005/student/sbouchard/image%20precedents/falling%20water%20.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* Frank Lloyd Wright (1954). The Natural House (New York: Bramhall House), p. 3
* Gaudi's Casa Batllo [Image]. 2009. http://www.perfecttravelblog.com/desktop/SP-CasaBatllo.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* Grand Palais [Image]. 2008. http://lh3.ggpht.com/Mom25dogs/ROvU928zUI/AAAAAAAAGXE/xutIwAKXORw/s400/Art+Nouveau+Grand_Palais_Interieur+in+Paris.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* La Sagrada Familia [Image]. 2010. http://www.gaudidesigner.com/data/article/16.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* Machine Aesthetic [Image]. 2009. http://www.cnccookbook.com/MTMachineAesthetics.htm (accessed April 13, 2010)
* Modern Design and The Machine Aesthetic. 2010. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA01/Lisle/30home/modern/modern.html (accessed March 26, 2010).
* Organic. 2007. Organic Architect. http://www.organicarchitect.com (accessed March 27, 2010).
* Pevsner, N. 2005. Pioneers of Modern Design, Yale University Press, ISBN 0 300 10571 1
Computer-aided design (CAD) was the original type of program an architects used, but since CAD couldn’t offer all the tools that architects needed to complete a project, CAAD developed as a distinct class of software. Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) software programs are the repository of accurate and comprehensive records of buildings. In a more general sense, CAAD also refers to the use of any computational technique in the field of architectural design. For ex. Special software developed for computer animation industry (Maya and 3DStudio Max) is used in architectural design.
All CAD and CAAD systems employ a database with geometric and other properties of objects. CAAD system differs from other CAD systems in two respects:
• It has an explicit object database of building parts and construction knowledge.
• It explicitly supports the creation of architectural objects.
CAAD has two types of structures in its program. The first system is surface structure which provides a graphics medium to represent 3D objects using 2D representations. The second system is deep structure which means that the operations performed by the computer have natural limitations. Computer hardware and machine languages that are supported by these make it easy to perform arithmetical operations quickly and accurately.
An architect’s work involves mostly visually represented data. Problems are often outlined and dealt with in a graphical approach. Only this form of expression serves as a basis for work and discussion. Therefore, the designer should have a maximum visual control over the processes taking place with in the design continuum.
* Acadia. 2010. http://www.acadia.org (accessed March 27, 2010).
* Curl, James Stevens. 2000. Machine Aesthetic: A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-MachineAesthetic.html (accessed March 25, 2010).
* Casa Milà - Barcelona, Spain [Image]. 2007. http://pakhipakhi.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/casa-mila.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* Dee, Sarah. 2005. The Role of the Machine in Twentieth Century Art. Threemonkeysonline.com. http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/als/_the_role_of_the_machine_in_twentieth_century_art.html (accessed March 26, 2010).
* Falling Water [Image]. 2005. http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/mellin/arch671/winter2005/student/sbouchard/image%20precedents/falling%20water%20.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* Frank Lloyd Wright (1954). The Natural House (New York: Bramhall House), p. 3
* Gaudi's Casa Batllo [Image]. 2009. http://www.perfecttravelblog.com/desktop/SP-CasaBatllo.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* Grand Palais [Image]. 2008. http://lh3.ggpht.com/Mom25dogs/ROvU928zUI/AAAAAAAAGXE/xutIwAKXORw/s400/Art+Nouveau+Grand_Palais_Interieur+in+Paris.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* La Sagrada Familia [Image]. 2010. http://www.gaudidesigner.com/data/article/16.jpg (accessed April 13, 2010).
* Machine Aesthetic [Image]. 2009. http://www.cnccookbook.com/MTMachineAesthetics.htm (accessed April 13, 2010)
* Modern Design and The Machine Aesthetic. 2010. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA01/Lisle/30home/modern/modern.html (accessed March 26, 2010).
* Organic. 2007. Organic Architect. http://www.organicarchitect.com (accessed March 27, 2010).
* Pevsner, N. 2005. Pioneers of Modern Design, Yale University Press, ISBN 0 300 10571 1
By : Shally Novia
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